关于英国LMAX交易所模式MTF与外汇ECN平台比较

Discussion in 'Currencies' started by traderworld, Feb 5, 2012.

  1. traderworld注:lmax在英国监管局注册的不是简单的一家broker,而同时是:MTF,也就是交易所牌照:mtf and broker.这一点和英国的ebs一样。


    Are we an ECN?

    No. ECNs emerged in the US with Instinet in 1969. The subsequent growth of off-exchange trading finally prompted the SEC to dust off its 60 year old legislation and divide trading systems into into Exchanges and Broker-Dealers, with different regulatory, reporting and surveillance requirements. Anything still calling itself ECN is a Broker-Dealer as far as the SEC is concerned, and is governed by Regulation ATS.

    The distinction is open to a large degree of detailed legal interpretation and an ATS that develops significant market share may be forced to meet higher standards of reporting or, as with BATS, transition to becoming an Exchange.

    What's the difference between an MTF and an ECN?

    MTFs (Multilateral Trading Facilities) are a MIFID Europe concept, defined as "a multilateral system, operated by an investment firm or a market operator, which brings together multiple third-party buying and selling interests in financial instruments - in the system and in accordance with non-discretionary rules - in a way that results in a contract in accordance with the provisions of Title II of MiFID."

    This broadly fits with the SEC's definition of an exhange, which is "any organization, association, or group of persons that: (1) brings together the orders of multiple buyers and sellers; and (2) uses established, non-discretionary methods (whether by providing a trading facility or by setting rules) under which such orders interact with each other, and the buyers and sellers entering such orders agree to the terms of a trade.", and some business such as BATS are listed regulated as an MTF in Europe and an Exchange in the USA.

    Having said that, you'll find a lot of literature that consider and ECN and an MTF to be equivalent.

    So what's the practical difference?

    LMAX runs a single order book with binding orders. There's no last look by price providers, no opporunity to re-quote, and no routing around a network of possible counterparties to find a price. As a result a customers ability to hit an advertised price is only constrained by competition and the laws of physics, offering reliable and consistent order execution.

    There's nothing to stop an ECN from operating in the exactly same way as LMAX, but many ECNs do offer price routing, last look etc, adding a degree of unpredictability to order execution. The regulatory constraints on an ECN are also less clear because it depends on what exemptions they've agreed and what level of market share they've acquired. There's much less negotiation around the regulatory requirements for an MTF.

    ECN是电子自动撮合成交模式。在ECN平台上,交易者的单子都直接且匿名的挂在这个网络上,买卖价格由参与这个ECN上的所有交易者竞价产生,包括个人投资者、小型银行、投资机构和对冲基金。由于ECN的平台研发和维护昂贵,几乎所有市面上ECN都对投资者资金要求有很高的门槛,比方说5万美元以上,并会要求每月最小交易量。

    目前市场上最流行的ECN平台是Currenex, Hotspot和Integral。这一些ECN平台仅提供软件服务,然后由各个公司购买软件,然后在软件中加入报价,和MT4平台概念一样。购买软件的公司在加入报价的时候可以拉大点差,作为自己的手续费收入之外的一项额外收入。但是这并不是一个最关键的问题,最需要关注的问题是他们平台的设计。

    以Currenex为例。Currenex在设计软件的时候自动将报价者分给两个级别:一个是主要的流动性提供者,大型银行,例如汇丰、高盛、摩根大通等;另一个级别包括小型银行、投资机构、对冲基金和个人投资者。由于这个级别的区分,对于大型银行的特别照顾,造成了ECN的致命问题:大型银行要求在订单撮合之前首先向他们确认,之后再向客户确认,在市场波动大、客户所在网络距离服务器远或者客户网络速度不够快的情况下造成接单延迟,从而造成大的滑点或者重新报价。比如说汇丰提出欧美的报价目前是0.85776/0.85786,客户在交易终端看到该价格,下单,但由于客户所在网络问题,等Currenex服务器收到该订单并返给汇丰的时候,汇丰价格已经更新,所以汇丰会拒绝或者重新报价。该拒绝信息或者重新报价信息返回到Currenex服务器,然后由服务器将该订单重新放回系统中察看下一个市场存在的最好报价,比方说这次是高盛,会将这个订单按照高盛的价格送回到高盛的系统中等待高盛确认,如果高盛报价已经更新,Currenex收到高盛的重新报价之后会再次寻找下一个市场存在的最好报价,然后一直如此操作,直到有银行确定接受该订单,才会将确认订单的新成交价格返回给客户。由于这一来一回的等待和寻找,虽然系统可以在1秒以内操作完成,但是市场价格是不断波动的,这1秒的时间可能会造成客户3-5个点的亏损。


    LMAX所使用的技术:多边交易设施Multilateral Trading Facility(MTF),曾经用来设计伦敦证券交易所London Stock Exchange、德国证券及衍生工具交易所Deutsche Börse以及欧洲证券交易所Euronext,就是这个技术造成一个革命性的新概念。很多人认为目前LMAX的模式就是ECN,但是LMAX的概念实际上是交易所概念:所有的客户都是平等的。

    LMAX利用这个MTF技术建立了一个集中的区域,多品种交易所Multi-Assets Exchange,无论是银行、投资机构、对冲基金还是个人投资者的订单都直接放到这个交易所来撮合成交。首先,所有的单都是市价单或者限价单,包括银行发送的,并不是Currenx或者Hotspot平台上的报价Quote。其次就是成交方式:如果交易所接收到订单的时候,价格已经跳过,系统会直接在交易所内将订单与下一个交易所中可成交的最好价格撮合,然后再同时将确认信息同时传达给银行和客户。这样就节省了信息在银行和服务器之间反复来回所花掉的时间,实际上我们的系统会所有的集中和撮合都会在3万百秒之一(3 million seconds)内完成。

    我们的一个金融商专门设计一个软件,将LMAX和两个不同公司的Currenex平台和一个公司的Integral平台相比,在3天的连续观察,下单50个订单之后,发现LMAX是唯一一个在该50个订单内提供‘正滑点’的公司,滑点数也是最小的,在LMAX平台上出现的价格与下单时候看到的价格比较的准确率是最高的

    关于lmax的mtf与ecn有这个图比较:http://www.traderpolis.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=599&extra=page=1
    最详细的介绍是官方的英国版的lmax ebook,可供下载,我放在新浪的共享资料里http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/22963902.html
     
  2. 高盛是这家公司的股东。
    有意思的就是高盛还是Lmax的流动性提供者之一:高盛, 摩根以及Optiver。Optiver是一家荷兰的高频交易公司(a Dutch high frequency trading firm)
    虽然从法律上讲:高盛与lmax是两个独立的法律实体,但这其中的关系值得玩味。
     
  3. lmax不仅提供外汇品种,而且还提供现货金银与cfd的各指股指类产品。
    共同点是全部采用交易所竞价成交模式。其点差的优势所有勿庸置疑。具体直接看官方首页:
    http://www.lmax.com/

    有论者指出:看介绍,lmax的注册资质是:mtf and broker,mtf就是交易所牌照。英国icap的ebs也是mtf牌照,看来,lmax的成立是英国为了进一步巩固其外汇主导地位而推出来的面对零售市场的战略性举动。
     
  4. LMAX客户资金管理政策



    LMAX ensures client funds are segregated and protected from their own business activities at all times. As a regulated entity LMAX is fully compliant with the FSA Client Assets Sourcebook. LMAX holds client trust accounts at RBS and JP Morgan Chase and also holds a client trading account with the London Clearing House.
    LMAX确保在任何时候客户的交易资金都和公司的运营资金隔离存放,并受到保护。作为FSA监管的正规公司,LMAX完全按照金融监管机构的客户资产管理手册CASS的要求运行,将客户资金存放在苏格兰皇家银行或者摩根大通银行的客户信托账户上,同时为客户在欧洲清算所LCH Clearnet持有一个交易账户。

    Deposits/Withdrawals存取款
    Client deposits via bank transfer or credit/debit cards, are routed directly to segregated client trust accounts at either RBS or JP Morgan Chase.
    客户可以通过银行转账、借记卡或者信用卡直接将资金存放到苏格兰皇家银行(客户汇款的国家西敏寺银行NatWest属于苏格兰皇家银行集团的银行之一)或摩根大通银行的隔离的客户信托账户上。

    Withdrawals are debited directly from the client trust account to the client bank account or third party payment service provider.
    取款时候,直接将客户资金从客户的信托账户转到客户的银行帐户上或者提供支付服务的提供商。

    Margin/保证金
    To the extent that client money is encumbered for the purposes of covering the margin requirement on an open position, LMAX under CASS is allowed to transfer these funds to their clearer to cover their own margin obligation on the back to back trade. All transfers are direct from the client trust account to a client trading account at the LCH. Similarly upon release of margin by the clearer, it is returned directly to LMAX client trust accounts.
    在客户的资金只用来担保客户未平仓位的情况下,客户资产管理手册CASS允许LMAX将资金转移到清算所,以提供该客户所持仓位所需保证金。所有转账都必须从客户的信托账户直接转移到该客户在LCH清算所的账户上。一旦清算所中仓位关闭,保证金直接转移回客户在LMAX的信托账户上。

    Where the LMAX margin obligation with their clearer is larger than the aggregate gross margin requirement across all clients, LMAX will cover the shortfall directly from its corporate funds. This can occur where LMAX's client margin rates are lower than the margin rate charged to LMAX by its clearer.
    在LMAX客户交易杠杆高于清算所所提供杠杆的情况下,LMAX在清算所的保证金要求可能大大高出所有客户的总保证金总和。在这种情况下,LMAX会直接使用公司的运行成本来支付该差额。

    Profits&Losses/盈亏
    The LMAX trading day runs from 17:05 EST to 17:00 EST. All realised profits and losses are either credited or debited to/from the client trust account on a T+1 working day basis. All open positions are marked to market each day and LMAX credits the net profit, or deducts the net loss directly to the client trust account, again on a T+1 working day basis. Dividends are credited or debited (long/short) on the same day as applied to the account statement.
    LMAX交易日计算时间从美国东部时间17:05至第二日的东部时间17:00。所有已实现盈亏会在下一个工作日记入客户的信托帐户或从中扣除。所有未平头寸会每天按市场价计算,在下一个工作日直接从客户信托账户中贷记净利润,或扣除净亏损。交易产品如有股息,会在记账同日转至信托账户中或从账户中扣除。

    Charges/费用
    Commissions are charged at the time of trade and funding is applied at the end of day (NON FX) or next day (FX).
    佣金在交易当时收取。交易外汇产品所支付的手续费会在下一个工作日从信托账户上扣除;交易非外汇产品所支付的手续费会在交易日结束当日扣除。

    Reconciliation/对帐
    Client trust accounts are reconciled on a daily basis to ensure that funds transfers have been completed correctly and client's cash entitlement is held in segregated client trust accounts.
    我们会每天对客户信托账户进行对账,确保资金转账手续完整,所有属于客户的资金都被正确地存放在隔离的客户信托账户中。给客户带来的影响
     
  5. 个人觉得,lmax平台对交易员而言,最大的优势是超高速的执行速度,低点差,高透明性。
    由于其采用mtf的交易所模式,在forex factory的贴子是:lmax:revolution?有兴趣的,可以直接上这个国外知名论坛上查看:http://www.forexfactory.com/showthread.php?t=266866
    在近一年多的讨论之后,是一个质疑到认同的过程。
     
  6. 其api目前是开放的。
     
  7. 根据我的研究和评估,这家公司是有很强的竞争力的。也给了交易员多一个选择。
    但是其要在国内顺利发展,恐怕还得解决国内到国外的网络问题。正如dukas前一个月面对的网络困境一样,经过客户们的反映之后,最后不得不准备在亚太设置交易服务器。
     
  8. 顶,lmax值得研究!!
    1. 我认为,currenex等ecn不会拉大点差(markup报价),否则跟MM没区别。currenex客户端报价有可能不同,关键看broker能给或愿意给你多少流动性!这是currenex弊端之一。mbt平台好像有“把佣金加入报价”的选项。
    2. 报价波动快、网络延时造成的滑点是正常合理的。关键是last look option(银行/流动性提供者对自己的报价有权确认是否执行,即平台散户订单只能被银行执行,或主动和其它散户订单撮合),影响了大单执行效率!
    FF论坛有老手说,ECN分real ECN(无last look option,报价是真实可执行的,如EBS)、ECN-STP(有last look option,报价非真实可执行,如IB、Currenex等)两类。
    “负/零点差”现象:currenex真实账户,某些时刻会出现负/零点差,见过1m以上数量而且持续几秒钟(网络状态良好,其它报价正常跳动),原因是银行报价需要双方同意才能成交(即ECN-STP不能主动撮合银行)。
    我估计,对99%散户来说,两者不会有区别,少数散户、机构用户如果单子很大,最好用real ECN。
    3. 如何比较lmax、currenex、integral(都是真实账户?在国内同时下单?比较成交价格或盈亏点数)?其实统计各平台点差,参考价值更大、更直观。lmax官网统计的EU/GU点差最近是0.62/1.13,如果对应1m深度,currenex比它好一些!!好像有自动统计点差的小程序,可惜一直没找到!
     
  9. 勇敢兄,你能不能整理一份提问表,我见你有贴子在研究FSA的资金安全性问题。我想把我们大家都关心的问题归总,然后向官方反映,直接由lmax的人来回答。
    lmax与ebs都是mtf交易所牌照。
     
  10. lmax官网首页有报价、点差、5档深度实时显示,早上(约1m深度)点差不如currenex,EU、GU分别相差0.4、0.7。lmax佣金$25/m(根据交易量可商议),currenex $13~15/m(交易量不限)。
    其实“负/零点差”就说明了,ecn-stp(零售ecn)点差比real-ecn(机构ecn)好!因为银行(流动性提供者)在ecn-stp有优势(有last look option,和散户成交有佣金收入),而在real-ecn处于平等地位(无last look option,成交可能无佣金收入,还要付出佣金给平台),所以银行优先给ecn-stp更多报价!而且,零售ecn参与人数(小机构、个人)可能更多!大单为提高执行效率,才会走real-ecn。
    银行之间的单子很可能不会在ecn-stp成交,否则银行没理由使用EBS!EBS点差如果偏大0.5点,银行交易成本就比散户大,这可能吗?!10多家银行垄断了汇市(交易量/流动性是一种资产/筹码),他们甘心让散户、小机构占便宜吗?
    ecn-stp(currenex、integral等)之间报价差异较大,currenex(或integral)各broker报价也有区别,原因是银行流动性不同。但是,既然有last look option,银行完全可以把报价统统发给各ecn-stp、各broker,这样利益才最大化。搞不懂!

    看了lmax开户合同,有隔离账户,可以放心。

    lmax过夜利息计算很奇怪,我无法理解,交易手册:
    6.2.2 Financing charge on Rolling Spot FX
    The financing charge for a Rolling Spot FX reflects the relative interest rates of the two currencies comprising your open trade and is calculated as follows:
    F = V x R where:
    F = Financing charge
    V = Notional value of your trade (quantity x contract size x price quoted on MTF at 17:00 EST)
    R = Rate being (a) the daily rate received by us from holding the currency that is being notionally bought less (b) the daily rate we have to pay to borrow the currency that is being notionally sold less (c) an administration charge not exceeding 0.3% per annum.
    The financing charge will be made in the second named currency of the FX pair. For example, in the case of GBP/USD, the financing adjustment would be made in USD

    Example of financing on an FX contract
    You hold 10 long contracts in GBP/USD overnight. The financing rate used for calculation is 1.4450 -1.4452. The MTF closing price was 1.4440.
    The cost of holding the position overnight is:
    V = (10 x 10,000 x 1.444) = $144,400
    R calculated annually = (((1.4452 – 1.4450)/1.4440)*365 + 0.003) = 0.0535525
    R calculated daily = 0.0535525/365 = 0.0001467
    Financing charge = 144,440 x 0.0001467 = $21.19
    This means that a fee of $21.19 would be applied to your account the morning of the following Business Day.
     
  11. 即使是在同一家broker用的currenex平台,不同客户也是不一样的。因为broker会针对不同客户给予不同的银行报价。比如有些客户强调手续费低,则broker会在后台把其中一些好的银行报价不放在客户端使用的currenex上。
    交易所模式或real-ecn的最大优势还是体现在执行速度上,和交易的真正透明性与公正性,个人认为,交易所模式是未来的趋势。并且这种趋势会越来越强,针对零售市场的门槛也会越来越低。事实上lmax只要入金一千美元。针对零售客户的意味是很浓的。
    我比较了一下,lmax的点差优势主要体现在美日,磅美,澳美点差,还有黄金与白银。交易品种也比较多:56种外汇、6种金属、6种能源、8种指数和9种债券差价合约
    那个利息计算,得去问问,不同帐户的利息也不同。所有的清算都由欧洲清算银行处理。lmax每笔单子虽然最小订单是一千,但每单有最低佣金,这个最低佣金就是清算成本,根据我与官方的交流,如果客户用1000的小单下单,即使成交量巨大,事实上lmax是不赚一分钱的。因为手续费只够清算成本。我作为协助开户的中介,也一分钱没有。
     
  12. 好帖,学习
    其实ECN的MARKET单子执行的成本有时候很大,和MM有得一比,再加上佣金...
     
  13. 点差很强,变化很大!但是晚上真实账户报价明显比currenex、盈透、官网报价慢半拍!!后三者报价几乎同步。官网连接ip是欧洲,真实账户连接ip是英国!
    过夜利息好像是 libor±0.3%,竞争力似乎很强!而且宣称没有last look!
    服务器只在英国?服务器好像不支持ping。楼主有lmax用户群吗?
     
  14. 勇敢兄,建议你用lmax的真实帐户上的报价与盈透,currenex,比较。而不是lmax模拟或官网上的报价,因为lmax官网与中国这边的连接并不好。试试真实帐户的比较是否有慢半拍的现象。
    我这边可以提供交易服务器的ip,用来ping的。交易服务器就在英国,如果vps放在英国的话,延迟在几毫秒之内。如果直接从中国这边网络交易,延迟就比较大300到5百多。
    lmax用户分别在我两个群里,你可以直接加我QQ:1160048279

    另外,关于lmax所说的银行在lmax平台上的报价都是可以直接成交的order,而不是quote,银行没有last look,lmax是直接明示的。
    The LMAX Exchange is not just another trading platform. It's an entirely new way to trade FX and CFDs with access to live, executable, institutional prices...
    The LMAX Exchange is a neutral service. An open platform with no dealer intervention, no hedging of client positions and never any requotes. LMAX simply matches the best bids and offers.
    The LMAX Exchange is more transparent. Clients execute directly on the LMAX Exchange and benefit from pricing transparency and no ‘Last Look’ from the liquidity providers.
    The LMAX Exchange provides fast, anonymous trade execution. Clients trade anonymously; over 90% of trades are executed in less than 10ms.
    LMAX Exchange Benefits
    No dealing desk and never any requotes
    Level 2 views on all markets
    Anonymous and superior execution
    Straight through processing (STP)
    Place orders straight into the order book
    Place orders inside the spread

    http://www.lmax.com/why-trade-with-lmax-exchange
    主要内容就是:lmax完全中立,不与客户对赌,对冲。没有任何后台操纵,lmax仅仅是摄合交易成功,赚手续费,lmax是完全透明的,没有任何重复报价,所有的报价都是order,没有last look.lmax的执行速度在10毫秒之内。提供level-2市场深度,客户点差内自由摆单等等。

    以上是lmax官网上明确声明的,如果lmax不是这样做的,从法律上其实是可以被客户直接起诉的,是要负法律责任的。可以比较一下其他知名平台,有哪个平台可以明示做到这些内容。
     
  15. 听说这平台公布数据时候点差能扩大到50点.60点,不知道是否为真
     
  16. 听说之类的,大多是不靠谱的。要有自己的判断力。目前比较靠谱的讨论,建议你上外汇工厂上看看,上面的许多老外交易员有都用过currenex,盈透,dukas,hotspot等主流零售平台,对这些平台都有自己的比较。lmax的优点以及平台出现的一些问题基本都会及时暴露与讨论,当然,也要有自己的判断力与心证。
    外汇工厂上关于lmax的讨论贴子:http://www.forexfactory.com/showthread.php?t=266866
     
  17. 是用真实账户比较的,已经开设真实账户,只差入金而已。官网报价时断时续,但是基本和currenex、盈透同步,很肯定真实账户报价慢半拍!
    深圳晚上ping 91.229.92.98英国cu服务器420ms,用网络加速器稳定在355ms;香港和记电讯晚上305ms很稳定;上海电信国际精品网晚上240ms http://www.hylt.net/vb/showthread.php?t=36933&page=2
    我认为小于300ms玩超短可以接受。国内估计只有上海能行,上海的海底光缆出口最多!
    lmax界面比较简单不难上手,不加qq群了,呵呵